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Climate Change Of Sub Saharan Africa Essay - 2335 Words

Climate change which manifests itself as variations in rainfall patterns and temperature adversely impacts the economic and social survival of the majority of the population in Africa and particularly in sub Saharan Africa. Water resources, agriculture (crop production and animal husbandry), health, ecosystems and biodiversity, forestry and coastal zones are the most vulnerable areas or sectors to climate change in Africa. These are the major sources of livelihood for millions of the continent’s rural poor. Climate change remains a major threat for food security and sustainable management of natural resources. If adequate measures are not taken to adapt to the adverse consequences of climate change in sub-Sahara Africa, the region were reported to remain vulnerable to the widespread effects of climate change. If the trend is not reversed, there is predicted loss of 2-7% of GDP by 2100 in parts of sub-Sahara Africa; 2-4% and 0.4-1.3% in West and central Africa, and northern and southern Africa respectively (FAO, 2009). Sub Saharan Africa is among the most vulnerable regions to climate change impacts due to the fact that the majority of the population highly dependent on rain-fed agriculture for their economic activities as well as for sustenance of their livelihood (Juana et al., 2013). Poor performance of the agriculture sector and rapid population growth, in combination with adverse impacts of climate change causes the large segment of the sub-Sahara African population toShow MoreRelatedSub-Saharan Africa: A Vibrant, Diverse, and Intriguing Region of the World1409 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Sub-Saharan Africa The sub-Saharan region of Africa has traditionally been seen by the Western world as a barrier between the more civilized areas of the northern part of the continent that were colonized by Europeans and the deep, jungle regions common to the rest of the continent. The area below the Sahara desert was seen by colonial settlers as wild and dangerous. It was treated as its own separate entity, but in reality, this is not the case at all. 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For instance, an estimated 208 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa rely on maize as their primary source of food and income. Other major staple crops of the region are sorghum, wheat, rice and millet, which take up about 39% (combinedRead MoreClimate Change Challenges986 Words   |  4 PagesA strong argument among scientists exists that anthropogenic climate change is the greatest contemporary global threat to sustainable development in the 21st Century, and that, the risks associated with climate change will become more severe affecting all aspects of h uman livelihoods (IPPCC 2014, FAO 2013, Shiferaw et al 2014, UN 2015. The ratification of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 1992 and signing of the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 signified the importance ofRead MoreMalaria Is A Major Public Health Concern1379 Words   |  6 PagesHadley Centre global Climate Model (HADCM) 3 programs, we must first understand the characteristics and features of the regions that are currently affected before we can determine the future impact of this disease. Current data indicates that the P. vivax is capable of living in regions with temperate and sub-tropical climate (Martens et al., 1999). In contrast the P. falciparum and P. malariae are restricted to regions with tropical climate, while the P. ovale is found mostly in Africa (Martens et alRead MoreWhich Who Region Includes Your Country?1234 Words   |  5 Pages. Which WHO region includes your country? Chad is in the WHO region of Sub Saharan Africa. 3. Provide a quick snapshot of your less developed country. 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The use of civil war and political violence datasets to captureRead MoreThe United States1518 Words   |  7 Pagesadvantage. For many years Africa has been floating in the U.S radar. The U.S has looked for ways to cultivate the land, understand the culture; people and strengthens its relationship with the African government. In recent years the continent has grown significantly with the opportunity of U.S market access and the creation of new export trade avenues to Africa. In May 2000, The African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), a unilateral, trade agreement between Sub-Saharan Afr ica and the United States,Read MoreSouth Afric A Nation Of Diversity933 Words   |  4 PagesSouth Africa is located in Southern Africa, it stretches along the South Atlantic and Indian Oceans. South Africa is ranked the 25th largest country in the world by land area and 25th most populated nation. South Africa is the only nation-state named after its geographic location. After the establishment of a constitutional nonracial democracy in 1994, there was an agreement signed not to change its name. It is a nation of diversity. South Africa has 49.32-million people and a variety of culturesRead MoreGlobal Warming Should Be On Birth Control785 Words   |  4 PagesOur main focus when discussing childbearing, especially in regards to climate change, should be on birth control. As Rieder said, â€Å"We know exactly how to make fewer babies, it is simply a matter of distributing those means to those who need them. This goes not only for developing countries but for Western countri es as well. This issue, of course, bleeds into highly politicized waters. Any efforts to decrease worldwide fertility as a defense against global warming should not go through any one country

Morphemes Free Essays

As stated in the video, morphology is the process to understand the words and how they work in a particular language. If we examine this definition, it’s clear that the root of every language is the word; therefore, if we want to truly understand a language we need to understand what a word is. The dictionary defines a word as â€Å"a sound or a combination of sounds, or its representation in writing or printing that symbolizes and communicates a meaning and may consist of a single morpheme or of a combination of morphemes†, simple enough to understand, except for that last part. We will write a custom essay sample on Morphemes or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, to understand what a word is, we need to know what a morpheme is; here we go: a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit a word can be broken into. Not so difficult to understand. Let’s try some examples, let’s use the word â€Å"love†. We know what love is, we can feel it, we can see it in someone else’s eyes; so it’s safe to say that the word â€Å"love† has a meaning on its own, therefore, is a morpheme. What about the word â€Å"trees†? Let’s think this carefully. We know what a tree is; we can walk to a park and see one, but â€Å"trees†? Common sense tells me that this word means more than one tree. So let’s count: if I say, 2 trees, I have one tree and another tree. We can see that the word â€Å"trees† has no meaning; instead it uses the meaning of the word â€Å"tree† to create its own definition as a group of them. Then, we can say that the word â€Å"trees† is formed by: tree + s. We know that â€Å"tree† is a morpheme (same reasoning used for â€Å"love†) and consequently, following the definition of a word; â€Å"s† needs to be a morpheme too. Now we know what a morpheme is but, why is â€Å"s† a morpheme? And that’s the next point we are going to talk about. We have two kinds of morphemes in English. The first one is the free morphemes. They can stand alone as meaningful words; some examples of them are: love, tree, house, cat, dog, fly, butter, cup, etc. We can define these morphemes as they are. The second kind of morphemes is the bound morphemes. They need to be attached to another free or bound morpheme, otherwise, they lack of meaning; some examples of them are: ad-, sub-, un-, -ful, -ness, -less. They are used to change the meaning of a word or to alter some of its attribute. That’s all we need to know about morphemes so let’s go back to the words. To truly understand the words we have to know how they are classified. Following the morpheme approach, we can classify words in three categories: simple words, formed by one morpheme; complex words, formed by a free morpheme and one bound morphemes (dogs, hats, worker, etc. ); and compound words, formed by two free morphemes (butterfly, sunlight, backpack, etc. ). There’s also another approach when classifying words and that’s the traditional approach. According to this, words have two classes: content words, which carry the meaning in a sentence (nouns, verbs, adjectives or adverbs); and function words, which serve to a variety of functions (determiners, quantifiers, auxiliaries, conjunctions, etc. ). We know how words are classified and what are the elements that form them, but we are still missing something: how do we make new words? To form new words we have several processes. The first one we can mention is the Affixation which is no more than adding an affix (suffix or prefix) to a word (predict+able, work+er, in+expensive); we also have the Compounding where we join two words to make a new one (rain+bow, with+out, over+do); Acronyms, formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase (RADAR: RAdio Detecting And Ranging); Blending where we form new words by combining parts of other two (smoke+fog=smog) and Clipping which is the process to form words by shortening parts of longer words (doctor=doc, veterinarian=vet, dormitory=dorm); among other slightly more difficult to understand processes. New words can also be added by popular consent, for instance, the word â€Å"coke† is used to refer to almost any kind of soda but it’s a trademark of Coca Cola Company, same thing with Band Aid which applies to personal bandages. Finally, we can get new words from other languages like: mosquito(Spanish), dime(French), golf(Dutsch), etc. And that’s it. Now we can be sure we know the entire basis about words, we can begin to analyze them anytime we want. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Information obtained from: http://www. thefreedictionary. com/word [ 2 ]. For more infomation visit: http://www. ling. ohio-state. edu/~kdk/201/autumn01/slides/morphology-4up. pdf How to cite Morphemes, Essay examples

International Marketing of Apple

Question: Discuss about the International Marketing of Apple. Answer: Introduction: Apple is a renowned American multinational technology organization which is situated in Cupertino, California. Apple has started its journey in 1976. The founder of Apple Steve Jobs is known as one of the leading entrepreneur in the world. Apple is renowned for designing and manufacturing iPhone, iPod, iPad, Apple Television and several other products. Apple is known as worlds largest multinational information technology company. It is not only famous as a profit making organization, but also as organization that promotes creativity of their employees. Steve Jobs, the founder of apple used to believe that it is the responsibility of the organizational management to influence the creativity of their designer; it would be beneficial for the growth of the organization. According to some report, Apples total revenue is approximately $233 billion (Apple, 2017). Apple has a strong network in the entire world. In this modern era, people have become very much fond of gadgets like mobile phone, tablets and computers and so on. Being a leading international brand in the gadget world, Apple has bright future as an information technology organization (De Mooij 2013). However, it must include some strategies into its rulebook. The below mentioned article has concentrated on the international marketing of Apple Brand. It has discussed on how organizational management of Apple must implement its international marketing strategy to flourish the organization. Customer and Market Analysis: The organizational management of Apple must make an effective marketing strategy to promote their brand in the international market. This marketing strategy must enlighten all the aspects of marketing like target market, communication tool, marketing budget and so on (Alon et al. 2016). The success of every product depends on its marketing strategy. The organizational management of Apple must pay special attention to establish the marketing plan. This plan must include all the component of successful promotion. In this modern era, the expectation level of the consumers and the scenario of market demand have been changed (Khan, Alam and Alam 2015). The main objective of the every organization is to observe the requirement of their potential customers and match the expectation level of their customers. Apple has brought many revolutionary changes in the word of information technology. Apple offers its consumers a wide range of products to attract maximum number of consumer from the en tire world (De Marchi, Di Maria and Ponte 2014). The demand of iPhone and other products of apple are growing high day by day. This has provided an appealing opportunity to the iPhone makers to expand their business in the entire world. Apple, being a milestone in the world of iPhone must use this opportunity to achieve a desirable position in the information technology industry (Strauss 2016). The organizational management must focus on the increasing demand of the consumers. It will helps them to identify their responsibility areas here they must put more efforts to achieve the desired position in the industry. Being a leading organization, Apple plays a significant role in the in the gadget industry. It provides unique products to its customers. It helps the organization to earn faith of the consumers. The organizational management must concentrate on satisfying the consumers by providing quality products and services to remain in the top position of the gadget industry. In order to achieve the desired target, it is important to identify the target market for every organization. Apple has mainly focused on the urban market to promote their brand as the products of Apple are affordable only for the people with high income (Steenkamp 2014). This is considered one of the limitations for Apple. There are many people from the lower income group who wants to get an iPhone. Apple must modify their prices in such a manner that people from all over the world can afford it. It will be beneficial for the growth of the organization (Machado, Cant and Seaborne 2014). There is high competition in the IT industry. There are many organizations that give tough competition to Apple. Reasonable pricing will help the organization to achieve the desired position in the industry. Organizational management must consider the fact while establishing their marketing strategy (Palacios Fenech and Tellis 2016). The organizational management of Apple must use most effective communication tool to reach to maximum number of people. It must apply a communication tool by which the management can promote their products to urban areas as well as rural areas (Rask 2014). It will be helpful for Apple to draw the attention of maximum number of people. Apple must use all kind of new media to promote their product so it can be available for a large number of mass. In this online era, people often access their social networking sites to stay connected with the world. Apple must use new media as a weapon to strengthen their promotional events (Tallman 2014). The organizational management of Apple must concentrate on making their advertisements more attractive, so that they can attract the maximum number of buyers. The USP of the product must be mentioned in the advertisement in an effective manner so that it can draw the attention of the audiences (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2013). To expand business in the global market, Apple must make a flexible budget. It will help them to promote its product in an effective manner. Budget is considered as one of the key element for marketing (Brondoni 2014). The organizational management of Apple must pay special attention to make budget for marketing purpose. Although, Apple possesses a strong financial background, the organizational management must be careful while making marketing budget (Astuti, Silalahi and Wijaya 2015). In spite of promoting products in the new media, organizational management of Apple must focus on organizing promotional events in the metropolitan cities of various countries. It will be helpful to reach to maximum number of potential consumers (Son, Lee and Kim 2015). SWOT Analysis: Strength: Apple has sufficient resources like human resource, cash which will be beneficial for the effective marketing plan and the development of the organization. Apple is renowned organization in the world of information and technology. It helps the organization to draw the attention of large number of consumers. Apple is known as one of the highest profit making organization. It possesses sufficient financial support. Weakness: One of the major weaknesses of Apple is its pricing structure. The price of the Apple products is high and only affordable for the high income group. Apple often faces tough competition due to this issue. Opportunities: There are various opportunities Apple possesses. Some of them are as follows: The market of iPhone is expanding. It is one of the major opportunities for the organization to earn huge profit and put a strong foot print in the iPhone industry. The interest of the consumers has been shifted from the ordinary mobile phone to iPhone. In this modern era, people have become very much fond of new technologies. iPhone are being preferred more over other smart phones in recent time. This has provided a great opportunity to the Apple. The primary consumers of Apple are the high income group and the youth. Both are fond of new technologies and smart design. Threats: Apple is facing tough competition from other smart phone brands. The market competition is growing high day by day. Smart phone brands are implementing new technologies and strategies to draw the attention of potential customers. This has become an obstacle for Apple. The organizational management is experiencing various issues due to the growth of various smart phone companies. Apple is not safe against the legal issues like violation of copyright act. Thus, there is a high risk for apples designs to be copied by the other brands. It may lead Apple to face some legal issues. Recommendations:Product: Apple has offered wide range of products like iPod, iPhone, tablets, and televisions. This wide range of product has paved the path of success for Apple. The organization has set an example in the gadget by its various innovations and unique product qualities. Apple is not only renowned for its new technology based gadgets. Apple products are considered as the combination of both technology and style. This combination is the USP of Apple. The unique designs of the products have made Apple the most preferred brand among the consumers. Place: The European countries will be suitable for Apple to promote its products as the market of European country is extremely competitive and the products of Apple are affordable for the European customers. Price: Apple must pay special attention to the product pricing as the prices of its products are too high to afford for everyone. The management must make their price reasonable so it can be achieved by all kind of people. It will be beneficial for the growth of the organization. Although, the primary customers of Apple are from high income group, there are some people who possess the dream of having an iPhone but due to the high price of the iPhone they fail to buy it. This is harmful for the growth of Apple as well. Apple must consider these factors while establishing their organizational strategy. Promotion: Apple must use all form of new media to promote their brand. It has become very important for every business organization to use social media as a tool for the marketing purpose. It helps the organization to attract huge audiences. Apple must promote their products on the social media and other digital media. The organizational management must concentrate on making their advertisement more attractive so it can put a strong footprint among the consumers. It can organize promotional events for its products in the metropolitan cities. Apple can organize various promotional events in the shopping malls, schools, colleges and offices. Such practices will help the organization to attract many young people as well as gadget lovers (Tallman 2014). Conclusion: As per the previous discussion, it can be stated that although Apple is leading name in the world of iPhone, it must focus on some issues to expand its business in the global market. There are many other companies in the information technology industry that are giving tough competition to Apple in terms of popularity and price. The organizational management must consider the fact while establishing their marketing strategy. There are many key factors that need to be highlighted in a marketing strategy like- target market, product pricing, communication medium, marketing budget. The organizational management of Apple must concentrate on these factors to attract a large number of potential buyers from the entire world. The success of every product is highly dependent on the effectiveness of its marketing strategy. There is a stiff competition in the market. In order beat the rivals and achieve the desired target Apple must focus on making an effective marketing strategy. References: Alon, I., Jaffe, E., Prange, C. and Vianelli, D., 2016.Global marketing: Contemporary theory, practice, and cases. Routledge. Apple. (2017). Apple. Astuti, R., Silalahi, R.L.R. and Wijaya, G.D.P., 2015. Marketing Strategy Based on Marketing Mix Influence on Purchasing Decisions of Malang Apples Consumers at Giant Olympic Garden Mall (MOG), Malang City, East Java Province, Indonesia.Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia,3, pp.67-71. Brondoni, S.M., 2014. Innovation and Imitation for Global Competitive Strategies. The Corporation Development Models of US, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.Symphonya. Emerging Issues in Management, (1), pp.12-27. Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A., 2013.International marketing. Cengage Learning. De Marchi, V., Di Maria, E. and Ponte, S., 2014. Multinational firms and the management of global networks: Insights from global value chain studies. InOrchestration of the global network organization(pp. 463-486). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. De Mooij, M., 2013.Global marketing and advertising: Understanding cultural paradoxes. Sage Publications. Khan, U.A., Alam, M.N. and Alam, S., 2015. A Critical Analysis of Internal and External Environment of Apple Inc.International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management,3(6), pp.955-961. Machado, R., Cant, M.C. and Seaborne, H., 2014. Experiential marketing on brand advocacy: a mixed-method approach on global apple product users.The International Business Economics Research Journal (Online),13(5), p.955. Palacios Fenech, J. and Tellis, G.J., 2016. The dive and disruption of successful current products: Measures, global patterns, and predictive model.Journal of Product Innovation Management,33(1), pp.53-68. Rask, M., 2014. Internationalization through business model innovation: In search of relevant design dimensions and elements.Journal of International Entrepreneurship,12(2), pp.146-161. Son, I., Lee, H. and Kim, J., 2015. Preannouncement Effects on Apples Supply Chains: Using the Event Study Based on iPhone 6 and 6 Plus.Advanced Science and Technology Letters,84, pp.73-78. Steenkamp, J.B., 2014. How global brands create firm value: the 4V model.International Marketing Review,31(1), pp.5-29. Strauss, J., 2016.E-marketing. Routledge. Tallman, S., 2014. Business Models and the Multinational Firm. InMultidisciplinary Insights from New AIB Fellows(pp. 115-138). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.

Professional Ethics free essay sample

The Ethical Question is the question of the morality of free and responsible human conduct. It is the question of right, of wrong, and of duty, in mans conscious and deliberate activity. The department of philosophy which answers this question is called Moral Philosophy or Ethics. This science grows out of the rest of philosophy. For when we have a philosophical grasp of the possibility of achieving certitude and of right formulas for reasoning out truth, then we are necessarily aware of the need of the true program for right human living. General Ethics Topics.Ends of Human Acts; c. Norms of Human Acts; d. Morality of Human Acts; e. Properties and Consequences of Human Acts. a) Human Acts The term human act has a fixed technical meaning. It means an act (thought, word, deed, desire, omission) performed by a human being when he is responsible; when he knows what he is doing and wills to do it. We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An act is perfectly human when it is done with full knowledge and full consent of the will, and with full and unhampered freedom of choice. If the act is hampered in any way, it is less perfectly human; if it is done without knowledge or consent it is not a human act at all.An act done by a human being but without knowledge and consent is called an act of a person but not a human act. In the terminology of classical realistic philosophy, a human act is actus humanus; an act of a person is actus hominis. The essential elements of a human act are three: knowledge, freedom, actual choice. (1) Knowledge: A person is not responsible for an act done in ignorance, unless the ignorance is the persons own fault, and is therefore willed (vincible ignorance), in which case he has knowledge that he is in ignorance and ought to dispel it. Thus, in one way or another, knowledge is necessary for responsible human activity. 2) Freedom: A person is not responsible for an act over which he has no control, unless he deliberately surrenders such control by running into conditions and circumstances which rob him of liberty. Thus, in one way or another, freedom is necessary for every human act. (3) Actual choice or voluntariness: A person is not responsible for an act which he does not will, unless he wills to give up his self-control (as a man does, for instance, in allowing himself to be hypnotized, or by deliberately becoming intoxicated). Thus, in one way or another, voluntariness or actual choice enters into every human act.Now, a human act is a willed act. It proceeds from the will, following the knowledge and judgment of the mind or intellect. Since what refers to the freewill is usually described as moral, a human act is a moral act. Since the will is free, a human act is a free act. A human act comes from the will directly or indirectly. When the act itself is the choice of the will, it comes directly from the will and is said to be willed in se or in itself. When the act comes indirectly from the will, inasmuch as the will chooses rather what causes or occasions the act than the act itself, it is said to be willed in its cause or in causa.Thus a man who wills to become intoxicated, wills it directly or in se; a man who does not wish to become intoxicated, but who seeks entertainment where, as experience tells him, he is almost sure to become intoxicated, wills the intoxication indirectly or in causa. This distinction of direct and indirect willing (or direct and indirect voluntariness) raises a notable issue, and we have here two of the most important principles (that is, fundamental guiding truths) in all ethics. These are: (1) The Principle of Indirect Voluntariness: A person is responsible for the evil effect of a cause directly willed when three conditions are met: hen he can readily foresee the evil effect, at least in a general way; when he is free to refrain from doing what causes the evil effect; and when he is bound to refrain from doing what causes the evil effect. But is the agent (that is, the doer of an act) not always bound to avoid what causes an evil effect? Is not the fact that the effect is evil a sufficient reason for rendering the act which leads to it unlawful? Not always, for sometimes the act has two effects, one good and one evil. In this case, the following principle applies.Sound human reason vindicates the value and trustworthiness of these two leading ethical principles. The basic law of morals, called the natural law, is summed up in this plain mandate of reason: We must do good; we must avoid evil. And, developing the second point, that is, the avoidance of evil, we have this basic rational principle: We must never do what is evil, even though good may be looked for and intended as a result of it. Human acts are modified, that is, affected, and made less perfectly human, by anything that hampers or hinders any of the three essentials of human action: knowledge, freedom, voluntariness.Chief of the modifiers of human acts are these: (1) Ignorance. Ignorance that may be overcome by due diligence is called vincible ignorance or culpable ignorance; ignorance that cannot be expelled by due diligence is called invincible ignorance or inculpable ignorance. The reasoned ethical principle on this point is: Invincible ignorance destroys voluntariness and relieves the agent of responsibility; vincible ignorance lessens but does not remove voluntariness and responsibility. (2) Concupiscence.By concupiscence we mean any of the g human impulses or tendencies technically called the passions. These are: love, hatred, grief, desire, aversion, hope, despair, courage, fear, anger. When concupiscence sweeps upon a person without his intending it, it is called antecedent concupiscence; when a person wills it (as in the case of a man who nurses his injuries, or stirs himself to revenge, or who allows a suddenly envisioned obscene image to remain in his mind or before his eyes) it is called consequent concupiscence.The ethical principle here is: Antecedent concupiscence lessens voluntariness and responsibility but does not take them away; consequent concupiscence does not lessen voluntariness and responsibility. Of all the types of concupiscence which influence human acts, fear has a peculiar significance, and we have a special reasoned principle for it: An act done from a motive of fear is simply voluntary; the agent is responsible for it, even though he would not do it were he not under the sway of fear. Of course, if the fear is so great that it renders the agent insane at the moment of his act, he is incapable of a human act and is not responsible.Civil law m ake provisions for the nullifying of contracts made under the stress of fear (that is, of threat, or duress), for the common good requires that people be protected from the malice of unscrupulous persons who would not hesitate to enforce harmful bargains by fearsome means. (3) Violence. Coaction or violence is external force applied by a free cause (that is, by human beings) to compel a person to do something contrary to his will. The ethical principle with respect to violence is: An act owing to violence to which due resistance is made, is not voluntary, and the agent is not responsible for it. 4) Habit. Habit is a readiness, born of repeated acts, for doing a certain thing. The ethical principle is: Habit does not take away voluntariness; acts done from habit are voluntary, at least in cause, as long as the habit is permitted to continue. (5) Fear. Fear is the shrinking of the appetite from some evil that is difficult to avoid. Actions taken on account of fear are voluntary and so are IMPUTABLE (we are responsible for them). Fear of some great evil may excuse people from immediate compliance to human law, but not in cases where this would involve some violation of the Natural Law.For example, lawyers, doctors and priests have a grave obligation to keep secrets told to them in confidence. b) Ends of Human Acts An end is a purpose or goal. It is that for which an act is performed. It is the final cause of an act. An end intended for itself is an ultimate end; an end intended as a measure or means of gaining a further end is an intermediate end. The first end (in order of attainment) is proximate; other ends are remote. An ultimate end is ultimate in a certain series of ends, or it is the crowning end of all human activity.The ultimate end of a series is called relatively ultimate; the crowning end of all human activity is called absolutely ultimate. A young man entering medical school has, as proximate and intermediate ends, the passing of his exams, and the advance from the first to the second class; more remote ends are the exams and classes further on; the ultimate end of the whole series of his studies and efforts is the status of a physician. But this end is relatively ultimate, not absolutely so. Why does he wish to be a physician? Perhaps to do good and to have an honorable means of livelihood.But why does he want this? For a full life, a rounded satisfaction in his earthly existence? But why does he want these things? Inevitably, in view of a still further end. For all human ends are directed, in last analysis, to an all-sufficing absolutely ultimate end. This is the completely satisfying end or good; it is the Supreme and Infinite Good; it is the Summum Bonum; and, for theists, it is God. An end as a thing desired or intended is called objective. The satisfaction looked for in the attainment and possession of the objective end, is the subjective end.Man, in every human act, strives for the possession of good (for end and good are synonymous), and for infinite good or God. This is the absolutely ultimate objective end of all human activity. And man strives for the infinite good as that which will boundlessly satisfy; he looks for complete beatitude or complete happiness in the attainment and possession of God. This is the absolutely ultimate subjective end of all human activity. Saint and sinner alike are striving towards God. The Saint is striving in the right direction, and the sinner in the wrong direction.But it is the one Goal they are after, that is, the full, everlasting, satisfaction of all desire. The good man in his good human acts and the evil man in his evil human acts are like two men digging for diamonds; the one digs in a diamond mine, the other perversely digs in a filthy heap of rubbish; the one works where diamonds are to be found, the others work is hopeless of success. But it is to find diamonds that both are working. Man necessarily (and not freely) intends or wills the supreme and absolute end of all human acts. Man freely (and not necessarily) chooses the means that is, intermediate ends) by which he expects, wisely or perversely, to attain that end. c) Norms of Human Acts A norm is a rule; it is the measure of a thing. The norm of human acts is the rule which shows whether they measure up to what they should be, and indicates the duty of bringing them up to full standard of what they ought to be. The norms of human acts are law and conscience. More precisely, the one norm of human acts is law applied by conscience. Law is an ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of society.Fundamentally, law is an ordinance of Infinite Reason for all mankind and for every creature. In this sense, law means the Eternal Law which is Gods plan and providence for the universe. Inasmuch as this law is knowable by a normal mind which reasons to it from the facts of experience, the Eternal Law is called the natural law. For when a person ceases to be a baby and becomes responsible, this is owing to the fact that he recognizes the following truth: There is such a thing as good; there is such a thing as evil; I have a duty to avoid evil and to do good. A child of ten that knew no distinction between lies and truth, theft and honesty, obedience and disobedience, would rightly be classed as an imbecile. Indeed, we say that a person comes to the use of reason when he begins to have a practical grasp of three things: good, evil, duty. In other words, reason makes evident the basic prescriptions of the natural law. The natural law is general. But man needs, in addition to general prescriptions for conduct, special determinations of the law such as, for instance, the enactments of the State in civil and criminal laws. Law is for the common good.Special regulations for individuals or groups are called precepts. A precept is like a law inasmuch as it is a regulation or an ordering unto good. A precept is unlike a law inasmuch as it is rather for private than for common good. In human laws and precepts, a further distinction is made. A law is territorial; it binds in a certain place and not in other places; a precept is personal, and it binds the person subject to it wherever he may be. Again, a law endures even though the actual persons who formulated and promulgated it are dead and gone; a precept ends with the death (or removal from office) of the preceptor. True law is a liberating force, not an enslaving one. A true law may be compared to a true map. The map does not enslave the traveler, but enables him to make his journey without hindrance or mishap. The man who says he will not be enslaved by maps, is a prey to ignorance, and is thus truly enslaved; the man who uses the map is liberated from the enslavement of ignorance and is freed to make the journey. For liberty does not include in its essence the ability to do wrong. This ability is a sad condition of earthly human existence; it is not a part of liberty itself.God can do no wrong, yet God is infinitely free. The souls in heaven can no longer sin, and yet they have not lost freedom, but have used freedom and brought it to its crowning perfection. Mans freedom is freedom of the choice of means to his ultimate end; when the end is attained, means are no longer needed, and the freedom which won to success is forever crowned in full perfection. Law that is set down in recorded enactments is called positive law. The moral law as knowable to sound human reason (that is, the Eternal Law as so knowable) is called, as we have seen, the natural law.A law is called moral if it binds under guilt. It is called penal if it binds under penalty (such as a fine). It is called mixed if it binds under both guilt and penalty. It is a debated question among ethicians whether there can be a law that is entirely and exclusively penal. All true laws have sanctions, that is, inducements (of reward or punishment prescribed) sufficient to make those bound by them obedient to their prescriptions. Human positive law usually has the sanction of penalty, not of special reward. In individual human acts, law is applied by conscience.Conscience is the practical judgment of human reason upon an act as good, and hence permissible or obligatory, or as evil, and hence to be avoided. Conscience is the reasoned judgment of the mind. It is no instinct, no sentiment, no prejudice born of custom or what moderns call mores; it is no still small voice; it is no little spark of celestial fire. It is the pronouncement of reason, the reason with which we work out a problem in mathematics, only, to be called conscience it must be the working out of a judgment or pronouncement in the domain of morals, of duty.When the judgment of conscience squares with facts, conscience is called correct or true. When the conscience-judgment is out of line with facts, conscience is called false. When the conscience-judgment is wholly assured and unhesitant, conscience is called certain. When the conscience judgment is hesitant, and amounts to no more than opinion, conscience is called doubtful. Doubt is speculative when it is a lack of certainty about what is true; it is practical when it is a lack of certainty about what is to be done.A doubt is positive when the mind hesitates between two opposites because there seems good reason for each; it is negative when the mind hesitates because there seems no good reason on either side. A most important reasoned principle is the following: It is never lawful to act while in a state of positive practical doubt. The doubt must be dispelled and replaced by at least moral certitude. To dispel positive practical doubt, a person must use the direct method of study, inquiry, finding all the facts.If this method prove unsuccessful, or if it cannot be applied, then the indirect method (called the appeal to the reflex principle) must be employed. This means that the person in doubt about the licitness or illicitness of an act can make sure that he is not bound by applying the reflex principle: A law that is of doubtful application cannot beget a certain obligation. In this case, certitude is attained, not of the case itself, but of the persons freedom from obligation: thus, it is an indirect certitude. Out of the use of the reflex principle just mentioned, emerges the theory called Probabilism. It amounts to this : If there exists a solidly probable opinion against the applicability of a law in a given case, that law is of doubtful applicability. In other words, it is a doubtful law. But a doubtful law cannot beget a certain obligation. Therefore, if there exists a solidly probable opinion against the applicability of a law in a given case, there is no obligation. The moral system of Probabilism is of value only when there is question of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an act; it has no place when the question is one of the validity or invalidity of contract.Further, the phrase a solidly probable opinion does not mean a strong inclination or liking on the part of the agent; it means a reasoned opinion, especially such as is defended by men of known learning and prudence. Probabilism, or the application of the reflex principle, a doubtful law does not bind, cannot be employed except in the failure or the inapplicability of the direct method of solving a doubt. Nor can it be used when there is question of a clear and definite end to be achieved. d) Morality of Human Acts Morality is the relation of human acts to the norm or rule of what they ought to be.As we have seen, the norm of human acts is law applied by conscience. And the basic law is the Eternal Law, especially as this is knowable by sound human reason (it is then called the natural law). The squaring up of free and responsible human conduct with law as applied by conscience is the morality of human acts; the lack of such agreement of human acts with their norm is immorality. But, as we have indicated, morality is generally used to signify the relation (whether of agreement or disagreement) of human acts to their norm or rule. Thus we speak of morally good acts and of morally bad acts. A human act considered as such, as an act, as a deed performed, stands in agreement or out of agreement with the norm of what it ought to be. Thus it has objective morality. Many mistaken people of our day, especially those of university training, are fond of talking as though a human act took all its morality from the intention of the agent, or from his viewpoint. They are full of expressions such as, As I see it , To my mind . . . , I dont look at it in that way . . . , Its all in the point of view . . . etc. Now, there is an immense field for human opinion.Where certitude cannot be had, opinion is the best man can achieve. But in matters of essential morals, certitude can be had (as we have seen, by direct method, or, this failing, by the reflex method). Hence the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an act, its morality, in short, is never a matter of opinion, viewpoint, prejudice, or preference. It is a matter of fact. It is an objective thing. Human acts have objective morality. A person blamelessly mistaken about the objective morality of an act is exempt (by reason of invincible ignorance) from responsibility for such act.Thus, a person who is invincibly ignorant of the fact that a lie is always unlawful, and who is convinced with full certitude that in certain circumstances a lie is permissible, is not guilty of formal falsehood for telling such a lie. But this does not mean that the objective morality of a lie is a fiction or an illusion; it does not mean that the morality of an act depends on the agents convictions. The lie is objectively evil and remains so. Only, in the case mentioned, invincible ignorance excuses the agent from responsibility for it. And so much the worse for the agent, for ignorance is always a blight and a burden. Some acts have their objective morality in themselves by reason of their nature. Murder, lying, calumny, injustice, are examples of acts intrinsically evil. Respect for life, truthfulness, charity, justice, are examples of acts intrinsically good. Other human acts have their objective morality by reason of positive law, which is an extrinsic determinant. Thus, hunting out of season, violating the speed laws, are acts objectively but extrinsically evil.Obeying civil ordinances, performing the duty of true citizens as expressed by law, are, in the main, acts objectively but extrinsically good. The basic virtue of being a good citizen, however, is intrinsically good. In the concrete, as a deed done, every human act has true objective morality. But when a human act is considered in the abstract, in general, and not as a concrete deed performed, it is sometimes found to be indifferent, and neither good nor bad. In other words, some human acts are not intrinsically good or intrinsically evil in themselves as abstractly considered.But in their actual performing, they take on morality (and truly objective morality) from the circumstances. For the determinants of morality are the act performed and the circumstances of the act performed. The act performed is technically known as the object. Human acts that have intrinsic morality are good or evil by reason of the object, that is the act itself. Such acts, if evil, are never permissible. If good, and if circumstances do not vitiate them, they are lawful. Some of them are not capable of being vitiated by circumstances, and these are always lawful, and also of obligation.Such, for example, is the duty of professing the truth, of working justice to all men. The circumstances of an act performed determine its morality when the object does not do so. Circumstances are various, but the most important are those of person, of the intensity of the act, of place, of time, of helping influences in the act, of manner, and of intention. The last named (that is intention of the agent or doer) is the most notable circumstance. Of circumstances in general, the ethical principles are these: an indifferent act is made good or evil by circumstances; good act may be made evil by circumstances but an evil act cannot be made good by circumstances; an act is made better or worse by circumstances; a circumstance gravely evil ruins the morality of the whole act and makes it evil; a circumstance slightly evil, which is not the entire motive of a good act, does not utterly destroy its goodness. Of intention in special, the ethical principles are these: a good act done for a good intention has an added goodness from the intention, and a bad act for a bad intention has an added evil from the intention; And therefore he tends to act in the same way again. In a word, human acts tend to follow patterns called habits. By habit in the present instance we mean an operative habit, a habit of acting. Such a habit is an inclination, born of frequently repeated action, for acting in a certain way. An operative habit that is morally good is called a virtue. An operative habit that is morally bad is called a vice. Virtues and vices are the consequences of human acts. The chief-virtues are prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance.These are called the cardinal virtues (from the Latin cardo, stem cardin-, a hinge) because all other virtues depend on them as a door depends on its hinges. Vice, or habit of evil doing, is a habitual defect, a habitual failure to measure up to the norm of right conduct and of the virtues. A single bad act is a sin, but not a vice. Vice is the habit of sin. It stands opposed to virtue either by defect or by excess, but in either case it is a habitual failure (a negative thing) to measure up to the standard of what a human act ought to be. Professional Ethics free essay sample Nurses represent the largest group of health care professionals† (Sarikonda-Woitas Robinson, 2002, p. 72). Professional nurses are accountable for his or her ethical conduct. Medical professionals have a legal and ethical responsibility to deliver safe, quality care taking into account the patients’ individual needs and allowing self-determination. The nursing codes of ethics are formal statements guiding professional conduct and informing the public of the nursing professions commitment and beliefs. This nursing code of ethics along with specific state law nurse practice acts, guide nurses in practicing safely within legal and ethical boundaries. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Ethics, like values, is individualistic† (p. 2). Legal and Ethical Relationships Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"The disciplines of law and professional nursing have been officially integrated since the first mandatory nurse practice act was passed by the New York legislature in 1938† (p. 15). Laws are created to govern the public. According to Dictionary. com (n. d. ), â€Å"the legal system interprets and enforces laws† (legal system). We will write a custom essay sample on Professional Ethics or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When a person violates a law his or her freedom is at risk and can be taken from him or her. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Created by individuals and capable of being changed, the legal system is a general foundation that gives continuing guidance to health care providers, regardless of their personal views and value system† (p. 3). Ethics are based on a framework of values, philosophies and can be interpreted differently by individuals (Wacker Guido, 2006). Ethics can be defined as beliefs, standards, or morals accepted and agreed upon by a specific group. The American Nursing Association (2001) website code of ethics with interpretive statements advises that each individual nurse is responsible for his or her own individual practice. It would not be outside the realm of consideration that he or she may have a legal action, that is held to be unethical and vice versa that an ethical action would be held to be illegal. With this, dilemmas arise and require the nurse to seek assistance from a board of ethics or simply make their decision with the full knowledge that he or she will be held accountable for their decisions. As the scope of professional nursing practice becomes more complex, the individual nurse must exercise judgment in accepting responsibilities, seeking consultation, and assigning activities to others who implement nursing services† (Milton, 2008, p. 301). Personal and Professional Values I consider my values to be closely linked with my morals. I use my values and morals to personally gauge what I consider right fr om wrong. I believe that my values were formed early on in my childhood. I was raised by a multi-viewed religious family. I believe this allowed me to understand that while each person held a strong conviction, it was not necessarily aligned exactly with my own. It was permissible in my family to entertain other’s beliefs without fully incorporating them into my own value and belief system. I did not realize how strongly my own beliefs were until I married into a devout Catholic family. I took the educational courses to convert but when it came time to agree with their basic principles with the priest, I could not do it. That surprised many of my friends who told me to say I did and be done with it. They asked me what the big deal was. The priest however had a differing view and agreed with my final decision. If I could not accept their beliefs, I would not pay lip service to it for a ceremony. My husband agreed and though his family did not like it, we were married outside the Catholic Church. I believe much the same way with my professional ethics, when I took the Nightingale Pledge I meant every word and I review it as well as the American Nursing Association code of ethics and my state nurse practice acts at least once a year. Professional ethics is my framework for functioning in my professional role. It is important that I remember that health care values can change and this could impact mine and others professional ethics. When I worked in the hospital, I used to attend the ethical boards when open and accessible. It was always interesting to hear the rationale behind some of the decisions made and how at times the legal and ethical thoughts were not congruent. Ethical Theories and Principles According to Wacker Guido (2006), there are a number of ethical theories that have evolved over time. There are two basic distinctions in ethical issues called nonnormative and normative ethics. Normative ethics are concerned with analyzing the meaning, justification, and inferences whereas nonnormative are concerned with how choice of action is related to everyday life (Wacker Guido, 2006). Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Ethical principles actually control professional decision making much more than do ethical theories† (p. 5). Deontological This theory holds that as a person facing ethical dilemmas, the person should maintain their commitments and fulfill his or her duties. It means not breaking promises made and following all laws, rules, and adhering to policies set. Accountability is important in this theory, and it is classified as non-consequential because doing one’s duty is more important than outcomes (Wacker Guido, 2006). I see this applying in my personal practice as a community nurse when I stop and offer assistance at a crash. I feel it is my duty to offer assistance when I am able. I am held accountable that I do not offer assistance outside my nurse practice act however; the Good Samaritan law will protect me regardless of outcomes. My intention of my action outweighs any consequences that may occur. I have many nurse friends who refuse to offer assistance worried of being sued. I know my state laws and that guides my actions. Teleological This theory is also called utilitarianism (Wacker Guido, 2006). This theory holds that the outcomes or whether the action was beneficial will determine whether or not it was ethical. This theory does not take into account the action itself but is concerned with the outcomes of the action. I tried to find an example of where I performed an act strictly because of the consequences regardless of whether or not the action was ethical or legal and I was somewhat at a loss. I at one time refused to release patient information to a police officer regarding a patient’s rape though it could have led to the perpetrator’s arrest, the patient did not wish her information released. â€Å"Under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 there is no absolute requirement for healthcare staff to disclose or not to disclose information to the police† (Beech, 2007, p. 5). Principalism Principalism is a theory that combines theories and attempts to answer ethical issues and dilemmas by application of multiple theories. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"Because most nurses do not ascribe to either deontology or teleology exclusively, but to a combination of the two theories, principalism is growing in popularity† (p. 5). Ethical Principles There are seven ethica l principles that can be applied in every day practice. The first is autonomy. This ensures the patient’s right to self-determination. Though it is not an absolute right in some rare instances, it allows for the patient to decide against medical advice in keeping with his or her own beliefs. I have treated many Jehovah Witnesses throughout my career and have seen them decline blood products sometimes resulting in his or her death. It is their right to make that decision and was made with full knowledge of the possible outcomes of their decision. The second principle is beneficence and nonmaleficence. I see these tied hand in hand. It is my job to do well and to do no harm. There are occasions when the good outweighs possible harm, and â€Å"dual effect† must be considered. I have seen this done in hospice when to alleviate pain may impair respiratory function. The outcome is not to cause death but to alleviate suffering. The third is veracity. This principle holds that truth is to be told and not to make promises that cannot be guaranteed (Wacker Guido, 2006). I will not lie to a patient. I have been asked my many family members throughout my career not to tell the truth to a patient. If the patient is of age and in charge of their own decisions and care, I will not lie to my patients. The fourth is paternalism. This is a principle that I have a hard time with. It allows for the making of decisions for others. I believe that I can assist my patients by offering him or her the education and expected outcomes of treatment and refusal of treatment but I will not tell a patient what I would do in his or her circumstances. In truth, I have told many patients’ I do not know what I would do in their circumstances because I have never been in their particular situation. The adage of walk a mile in my shoes always comes to mind when I am asked this question. The fifth is justice. I embrace this principle with open arms. I do believe that everyone should be treated fairly and equally. I have had this tested when I have had to treat a rapist brought in by the local prison. I have my own baggage that I carry, and it took some self-reflection but I performed as I would expect anyone else in that situation that was a professional. The sixth and last is respect for others. Wacker Guido (2006) stated, â€Å"seen by many as the highest principle, incorporates all other principles† (P. 7). It is my belief that in doing this we treat others as we wish to be treated. It is also the first principle in the American Nurses Associations code of ethics (Wacker Guido, 2006). I use this principle every day. I am not perfect but I want to think that I try to, and succeed on a more rather than less scale to treat others in my personal and professional lives with as much respect as I expect to be treated with. I allow patient’s his or her right to choose and I can entertain your ideas without necessarily agreeing with him and her. Conclusion Nurses and all healthcare professionals come with their own unique personal values and interpretation of ethics. Ethical and legal issues as well as their resulting dilemmas are an integral part of nursing and can result in some interesting challenges. â€Å"Articulating and acting upon professional values with accountability is essential for the discipline of nursing in order to fortify and enhance its integrity and trust with global communities â€Å"(Milton, 2008, p. 303). As a nurse, I strive to assist my patients to make informed autonomous decisions regarding their healthcare. Each healthcare discipline must question, challenge, and reflect upon its practices in order to hold one another accountable so that the healthcare recipients’ human dignity, freedom, and personal autonomy to choose and make healthcare decisions may be enhanced†.

Slave Narrative essays

Slave Narrative essays I was born a slave girl; but I never knew it until I was about six years of age. I was born in Angolia, Africa with my birth family but soon after they were captured. They went through the Middle Passage and I went with them where we went through the slave trade. My family was partially separated due to the fact that my father was sold to work for a man as a carpenter in Charleston, SC; whereas my mother and I were sold to a different family in the same town. My mother was a house servant to a family named the Adams family. I was just a baby when my mother was sold so she had to bring me along with her. She was aware that when I got old enough I was destined to be a servant to the family as well. When I was about six years old my mother started to teach me how to do things such as cleaning up the house, assisting her with cooking, and helping nurse our masters children. She explained to me that I would soon be working with her as a house servant for the Adams family and there was a good possibility that I would be sold to another family somewhere else. I was so young at the time I really didnt understand what was going on. As time went by, I began to work for the Adams family; they assigned me to clean up anything necessary around the house and be the servant to their oldest children who were twelve and thirteen years old named Susan and Jacob. Mr. Adams was a very strict man and told me that if I didnt do my duties as a servant that I would be severely beaten. I tried my best to do everything I was suppose to and became quite good friends with Susan and Jacob. They treated me very kind and we played together everyday. Mrs. Adams was also very kind to me and she tried to he lp me the best she could if I messed up anything, so I wouldnt be beaten by her husband. She was very sincere to me and didnt treat me like a slave at all, but more like a daughter. After years passed by, the turmoil was just s...

Online Store Popularity vs. Retail Outlets Research Paper

Online Store Popularity vs. Retail Outlets - Research Paper Example How to target consumers buying over the internet and how to make online store fruitful? The chief objective of the research is to estimate and inspect the consequences and decide is it worthy of time and effort when opening an online store (Laura, 2011). Online shopping turned out to be widely held 10 years ago. 94 percent of Americans use PCs for individual purposes. Nearly two-thirds have "a great level of dependency†. Nearly 70 percent of Americans shop online and 88 percent of that number has shopped online to some degree in the previous six months. Profits for products bought online now average over and above $34 billion annually, up to 500 percent further from the year 1999. According to a website which gives people a lot of discount vouchers, â€Å"The highest percentage of both men (77 percent) and women (68 percent) shop online in the mornings before lunch. Top level professional males and females prefer to shop at night. Stay-at-home moms tend to shop in the mid-afte rnoon, perhaps during nap time† The research also states that twenty-nine percent of males and 30 percent of females said their picks are "recurrently" inclined by online ads while 43 percent say choices are "from time to time" swayed. For this research, the use of random sampling method will be employed, since every living person has an equal right of being carefully chosen. The objective is to define the age group as well as gender from the people who purchase online. Likewise, the aim is to determine how repeatedly people shop online and what is the attractiveness of online shopping, and similarly to observe the most repeatedly bought products online. Literature Review Referring to an article by Gerald & Trifts (2003; n.p.), it is evident that a distinctive characteristic of online shopping is that they permit sellers to form retail crossing point with extremely intricate communication types. One looked-for method of interactivity from a customer viewpoint is putting into p ractice refined tools to help customers in their buying choices by adapting the electronic shopping environment to their separate preferences. The most important objective of this paper is to explore the environment of special effects that communication decision supports may have on customer choice-making in online shopping environment. Although while making buying-choices, customers are every so often incapable to assess all accessible substitutes in great deepness and, as a consequence, have a habit of using two-stage procedures to influence their judgments. At the major phase, customers naturally monitor a great set of offered goods and categorize a subcategory of the most auspicious substitutions. Afterwards, they appraise the latter with more gravity, carry out comparative judgments across goods on significant qualities, and make a buying choice. The two interactive tools used: RA (Recommendation Agent) and CM (Comparison Matrix) are used in the first and second stage respectiv ely. In conclusion the major findings by the two authors put forward are that the communication tools, used to support customers in the early selection of accessible substitutes and to assist in-depth judgments among carefully chosen substitutes in an online shopping environs, may have strong promising effects on both the superiority and the good organization of buying decisions-shoppers; this can make much improved choices by buyers who can spend considerably less energy this